Thursday 17 May 2012

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When people in Brussels look out to the 27 EU countries, they tend to forget that hardly anyone looks back. Polls and election turnouts confirm that for vast parts of the EU population, the national perspective prevails a long time before the European one. What lessons for the European Union to be learnt?

 

A small one can do more

Posted by on 19/04/12

The Polish history after 1989 is very much bound up with the countries that emerged after the transition in Central and Eastern Europe. We cared about good relations with our neighbours, repeatedly boasting about the fact that all the neighbours were new and we did not have any serious conflict with any of them. Something is changing in this area. The example of Lithuania and the evident coldness is very characteristic.

The Polish authorities have recognised that they can condescend to the Lithuanians. The famous declaration of the Prime Minister that the relations with Lithuania will be determined by the local Polish community, was followed by gestures and counter-gestures. I wonder whether the Polish President is satisfied to hear the Lithuanian partner saying that she did not come to Warsaw before the NATO summit because decisions are made in Washington. In a moment it will turn out that the proud Poland withdraws from patrolling the Lithuanian airspace and in this place will be someone else, such as the Norwegians.

This mechanism works even more acutely in the European Union. Poland is struggling to maintain the Cohesion Fund, which will give us a chance to complete infrastructure projects. The country fights, however, the more and more alone. The Baltic states do not support us. Romania and Bulgaria have other problems (Schengen), the Czechs speak the language of the net payers (?) and on our side so far is Slovakia…

In relations with Lithuania, Poland goes down a blind alley. We assumed that we must force our reasons and yet it appears that the small one finds support much easier than we thought, and not necessarily in Moscow.

Is it time for a cabinet level Secretary of State for Europe?

Posted by on 17/04/12

By Peter Wilding

Open Europe’s Christopher Howarthrevives an old idea whose time might now have come. Given the complexity of diplomatic relations with the capitals and institutions of Europe, would it now be wise to appoint a cabinet minister specifically responsible not only for articulating a serious European policy but to win friends and influence allies in order to support that policy?

Nucleus laments the fact that there are too many cooks in the euro-broth. It destroys the chance to create a clear policy and impedes our efforts to promote the successes and analyse the failures of UK policy. Christopher cites two issues in his Conservative Home piece:

“Firstly it is unclear who is in charge. We have a Europe Minister, David Lidington, who is likeable and capable but not in the Cabinet, and not a part of the Number 10 decision-making circle. In Number 10, there is no one person in control of ‘Europe’; William Hague, George Osborne, Oliver Letwin, Nick Clegg and Ed Llewellyn contend with numerous other issues. Europe can fall through the gaps relegated to a news, diary or party management issue (too often the latter). From outside, the UK’s policy looks unpredictable and momentary. Smaller states can end up feeling that the UK only calls when it wants something, such as a signature on a letter before a summit or a vote on legislation affecting the UK financial services – and the call often comes at the very last minute.

“Secondly, as ever, there’s a lack of vision. We need a substantial, thought out and well-articulated vision of the UK’s place in the EU, based on the realisation that the UK (along with other states) needs a more flexible relationship, but that the UK cannot stop states such as France and Germany if they wish to integrate further.”

Christopher is supporting Andrea Leadsom’s All Party Parliamentary Group on European Reform whose first paper was released recently. This group wants Britain to remain in Europe but seeks to examine the options for reform and repatriation. These ideas need to be tested. However, we also have to deal with the Europe of here and now. The vision of repatriation is essentially an academic exercise in which ideal solutions need to elide with political reality in order to bear fruit. Apart from the likely 2014 revocation of the UK’s opt-in regime for justice and home affairs policy, we will probably see a referendum before any repatriation policy is aired, let alone accepted.

So, if no one with any vision is in charge, wouldn’t it be better to take the latest example of Cameron’s vision thing about Europe, namely the dynamic dozen of Premiers who endorsed the single market letter in February and promote this as a source of alliances in Europe to push for the deepening and widening of the single market? If not, why would our allies be bothered joining us in years of ‘flicking fluff from our navel’ (as the PM used to say) when a rather large crisis remains unsolved?

Christopher hits the nail on the head by writing:

“If you find it difficult to predict the twists and turns of the Coalition’s EU policy, spare a thought for Britain’s potential European allies. Yes, Britain has potential allies, and far more than it realises. We have never been “isolated” there are and have always been a number of states that share some or all of Britain’s basic focus on liberal economics and decentralisation, and in the other states the political elites’ centralising mantra conflicts with electorates who are universally more sceptical.”

Too true. But such allies are looking to Britain to lead the single market and champion structural reforms. To ally with Germany on economic rigour and France on economic growth. To lead in the game that is being played in front of our eyes not the one some might wish to play. Though reform of various egregious policies will always be part of the British case, these should be part of an overarching narrative in which Britain pulls her weight on the continent – today.

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What’s with the visas?

Posted by on 17/04/12

In the Polish news, in the shadow of the anniversary of the Smolensk tragedy, there is the American struggle for the presidency and behind it – the efforts for the abolition of visas to the United States. Officially, the proud leaders of my country do not ask the Americans for anything, but the practice is different.

The Polish Embassy in Washington has just released a special web publication dedicated to Poland and the “suspension of visas” programme. From the five selected pages of a carefully prepared text we can learn that the implementation of the programme will be good for America and business, it will increase the level of US national security and give the American public diplomacy a strong argument.

Next, we learn why Poland is not in the programme despite its successes. The Embassy reminds readers that we fight in Afghanistan, we bear losses and they have been able to come to our country without visas since 1991. Then it gets even harder. They write that every year 7 million Poles go abroad, and only 100 thousand from them go to US. Not enough.

The best of all, however, is at the end. It turns out that despite the promises of President Obama, the support of the American Chamber of Commerce and others, the great project is supported by 9 senators (out of 100) and 30 congressmen (out of 435)… Let me remind that in autumn the Americans will elect not only their president, but also one third of senators and the entire composition of the House of Representatives…

We must decide whether at the current stage of Polish-American relations the maintenance of visas is a Polish or American problem. If the problem is Polish, then such publications make sense. But if we are going to proudly wait until the Americans get softer, giving out pleading leaflets on the Internet does not make any sense.

Growth strategy is the right medicine

Posted by on 16/04/12

European Commission considers a range of options as eurozone unemployment hits record 17m

By David Gow

“We’re back in full crisis mode,” Rabobank rate strategist Lyn Graham-Taylor told Reuters on Monday as yields on Spanish 10-year bonds rise above 6% for the first time this year. Those on German Bunds hit a record low of 1.628%. For this correspondent, it’s welcome back to a daily diet of doom after a week in Tuscan hills drenched in the perfume of wisteria.

It’s more like the stench of hysteria on the markets. Or reality as @FGoria (the Italian who tweets in his sleep) asks? Wolfgang Münchau, a dedicated doomster, demolishes Spain’s “mission impossible” in the FT. He concludes that a huge bank rescue/downsizing programme, not austerity and structural reforms, is what is required. Without this: a “catastrophic” Spanish withdrawal from the euro or a variant of fiscal union including a “joint eurozone backstop to the financial sector.”

But fear not: Sarkoman is back. Pleading “aidez-moi, aidez la France” as if the two were synonymous, he told around 100,000 supporters on the Place de la Concorde on Sunday that the solution lies in getting the ECB to support growth. Uber meine Leiche (over my dead body), says his political Freundin Angela. The role of the ECB in German eyes, like that of the Bundesbank, is to fulfil its (sole) mission set out in its statutes: ensure price stability (inflation close to but below 2%) over the medium term. Growth will inevitably follow… It’s what Trichet said every day in his 8-year tenure as ECB president.

Sarkozy, who remains on course to lose the presidency on May 6, according to the polls, has disagreed with his fellow Frenchman for the whole of his own crumbling tenure. Desperate to retain it, he wants to change the ECB’s statutes so they resemble more those of the US Fed. These are set out in the Federal Reserve Act as: “to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates.” It’s the agenda of any politician, right or left, including Francois Hollande, Sarko’s likely conqueror. It’s also what the UK wanted the Bundesbank to do two decades ago in the run-up to Black Wednesday…

But it’s not the eurozone agenda as Hollande will discover should he win. The politicians – and the markets – are stuck on another form of ECB intervention: either resumed sovereign bond-buying or a fresh injection of cheap funds into the banking system after the earlier €1trn has lost its impetus. Dr Doom himself (Nouriel Roubini) spells out the consequences of further inaction in the Guardian: “Without a much easier monetary policy and a less front-loaded mode of fiscal austerity, the euro will not weaken, external competitiveness will not be restored, and the recession will deepen,” is his take.

In other words: a growth strategy is the right medicine. The European Commission, looking at a record 17m out of work in the zone, is considering a range of options, including full-scale free movement of labour, cuts in employers’ wage costs and “modulated” minimum wages, to promote jobs and growth, says Le Figaro. But, as Jean-Jacques Mével writes, fat chance of that being adopted.

His paper is also skeptical about the prospects for Sarko’s ECB plan being taken on board. The house organ of Sarkozy’s UMP, however, is right to stress that the ECB remains the EU’s sole federal body. But it surely cannot be right that the central bank’s governing council, not the EU’s elected consuls, hold the key to growth.

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La criminalité baisse en Europe

Posted by on 15/04/12

 

C’est une constante depuis 10 ans, la criminalité : -6%, selon l’Office statistique européen qui vient de publier sa dernière analyse des données policières standardisées qui permet de faire des comparaisons plus fiables entre Etats membres. Mais elle continue à augmenter, modérément, dans un pays comme la Belgique. Au cours de ces dix dernières années (2006-2009) la tendance à la baisse est moins affirmée. Ces données ne reflètent ni la criminalité réelle, ni le sentiment d’insécurité. Il s’agit d’une photographie des constats enregistrés par la police. Paradoxe de la situation, les mouvements populistes et bien au-delà prospèrent sur des slogans sécuritaires, selon eux la criminalité exploserait. La campagne pour les présidentielles françaises fait la part belle à la lutte contre la criminalité et les délinquances sous toute leur forme. Des sondages récents placent la sécurité et la lutte contre la criminalité au 8ème rang de leur préoccupation…Dernier paradoxe, l’étude de Eurostat n’a eu aucun écho dans la presse et les médias français à la différence de la Belgique où l’émotion a été assez grande et a suscité beaucoup de commentaires interprétatifs des données statistiques.

La Belgique, en revanche, affiche toujours des chiffres à la hausse, comme huit autres Etats de l’Union. La croissance des atteintes au droit pénal reste toutefois modérée, en Belgique, où on est passé de 1.014 .349 faits enregistrés en 2006 à 1.044.242 faits en 2009 (+ 3 %). A titre de comparaison, sur la même période, en France, la criminalité globale a diminué de 5 %, et de 4 % en Allemagne et aux Pays-Bas.

Trafic de drogue. Avec 13.428 faits recensés, en 2009, c’est la forme de criminalité qui a le plus augmenté, en Belgique : + 14 %, en trois ans. Cela dit, à peine six Etats européens, dont l’Allemagne et les Pays-Bas, enregistrent une diminution des faits de drogue (détention illégale, culture, production, transport, importation…).

Cambriolages domestiques. La police en a recensé 69.277, en Belgique, en 2009 (soit une hausse de + 8 %, en trois ans). L’augmentation moyenne européenne est plus modérée (+ 3 %). Le record est détenu par le Danemark, avec une croissance de + 56 %.

Crimes avec violence.Les atteintes aux personnes, notamment les vols avec violence, les viols et abus sexuels, représentaient 115.019 faites, en Belgique, en 2009. Un chiffre en hausse de + 7 %, en trois ans, alors que la moyenne européenne affiche une baisse de – 7 %.

Vols avec violence. Les forces de police belges ont dénombré 23.424 faits de vol avec violence, en 2009, soit une hausse de + 2 %, par rapport à 2006. La Belgique fait partie des neuf Etats européens (sur 27) qui affichent une augmentation. Elle reste cependant beaucoup plus modérée qu’au Danemark, où le nombre de vols avec violence a plus que doublé, en trois ans.

Vols de voiture. On n’en constatait plus que 21.853, en 2009, en Belgique, contre 26.848, trois ans plus tôt, soit une baisse de près de 20 %, assez en phase avec la moyenne européenne. En Roumanie, les vols de voiture ont plus que doublé, sur la même période (mais on n’y enregistrait que 2.967 faits en 2009). Ils sont aussi en très nette hausse en Grèce (+ 34 %).

Homicides. Le nombre de meurtres et d’assassinats, en Belgique, est passé de 226 à 185 faits, en trois ans. La proportion d’homicides, par rapport à la population, affiche les taux les plus élevés en Lituanie (avec 8,3 victimes pour 100.000 habitants) et en Estonie (5,7 victimes). Les plus bas sont observés en Autriche, en Slovénie, en Allemagne et en Espagne (moins d’une victime pour 100.000 habitants). Si on s’en tient aux capitales, Bruxelles occupe le 5e rang européen (sur 27), loin devant Londres, Paris, Rome, Berlin, Madrid…Seules Vilnius,Tallinn, Luxembourg et Amsterdam sont plus criminelles .Bruxelles devance : Prague, Bratislava, Dublin, Sofia, Athènes.

Détenus. La population carcérale belge a augmenté de 6 %, en trois ans (10.105 détenus en 2009, contre 9.573 en 2006). La hausse est moindre qu’en Italie (+ 66 %). Mais d’autres pays affichent, au contraire, une diminution du nombre de détenus. C’est notamment le cas des Pays-Bas (– 12 %) ou de l’Allemagne (– 7 %). En Belgique, la proportion de détenus, par rapport à la population totale (93 pour 100.000 habitants) est inférieure à la moyenne européenne (129). Le taux le plus faible est observé en Finlande (63) ; le plus élevé en Lettonie (301)… Ce qui reste tout de même plus de deux fois moins qu’aux Etats-Unis (784).

C’est le trafic de drogue qui augmente le plus. Eurostat recense 13.428 faits de trafic de drogue, en 2009, en Belgique… Si on y ajoute toutes les infractions liées aux stupéfiants Eurostat recense 13.428 faits de trafic de drogue, en 2009, en Belgique… Si on y ajoute toutes les infractions liées aux stupéfiants, cette année-là, la police fédérale dénombre 41.252 faits. Alors qu’on connait une baisse aux Pays-Bas et en Allemagne mais néanmoins une augmentation de +2% à l’échelle de l’Union européenne. C’est la forme de criminalité qui a le plus augmenté en Belgique, mais il n’y a que six Etats membres qui comme l’Allemagne ou les Pays-bas qui enregistrent une diminution des faits de drogue (détention illégale, culture, production, transport, importation…) La majorité de ces infractions (71 %) concernent le cannabis. Le nombre de plants saisis est passé de 110.000, en 2006, à 143.311, en 2009. Soit une hausse de 30 %, en trois ans. Plus de 730 plantations ont été détruites, en Belgique, mais le marché local reste dominé par l’importation massive de haschisch marocain. En 2009, la police a aussi effectué 3.054 saisies d’héroïne (275 kg), généralement destinée aux marchés britannique et scandinave. Les 4.021 saisies de cocaïne opérées en 2009 ont été plus fructueuses : 4.605 kg, soit la plus grosse quantité enregistrée depuis 2005. La drogue provenait généralement de République dominicaine et d’Amérique centrale. A la baisse, en revanche : les quantités d’amphétamines et d’ecstasy saisies. Ces drogues de synthèse, produites illégalement en Belgique, étaient généralement destinées à l’exportation vers les États-Unis, le Canada, le Royaume-Uni et l’Australie.

Vols de voiture: ils diminuent le plus. Les experts s’accordent sur la raison de la forte baisse du vol de voitures : les avancées technologiques. Les experts s’accordent sur la raison de la forte baisse du vol de voitures : les avancées technologiques de ces dernières années ont sécurisé les voitures et rendu les vols d’autant plus difficiles à mettre en oeuvre. « Démarrer une voiture sans la clé, en court-circuitant le câblage, est devenu beaucoup plus difficile. La grande majorité des voitures dispose maintenant d’une clé à puce électronique, indispensable pour pouvoir démarrer ». Les clés à puce permettent des niveaux de cryptage et donc de sécurité de plus en plus élevés, rendant presque impossible le démarrage de la voiture en l’absence de la clé. Les systèmes d’alarme sont également beaucoup plus fréquents dans les voitures : ils équipent maintenant tous les véhicules qui sortent sur le marché. La présence d’un système d’alarme sur le véhicule est d’ailleurs une des conditions posées par les compagnies d’assurance pour pouvoir bénéficier d’une assurance Omnium. Cette baisse significative des vols de voitures ne se traduit pourtant pas par la baisse des prix pratiqués par les compagnies d’assurance. L’assurance-vol fait partie d’un « package », dont le prix est influencé par d’autres facteurs, comme la force de la nature (grêle, tempêtes, inondations), la sinistralité (taux de sinistres sur l’année).

 

RAPPORT EUROSTAT: Crime trends in detail  http://epp.eurostat.e:c.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Crime_trends_in_detail

 


Classé dans:COOPERATION JUDICIAIRE POLICIERE, Lutte contre le crime organisé

Is the Eurozone crisis nailing the coffin of Britain’s EU membership?

Posted by on 13/04/12

By Peter Wilding

Britain’s EU membership is not an affair of the heart but an accounting exercise, in which economic advantages (above all from membership of the single market) must be weighed against the costs of red tape, lost sovereignty, and taxpayers’ cash paid into the EU budget. So saysBagehot in today’s Economist, repeating baldly the ‘price of everything, value of nothing’ equation upon which Britain’s fragile EU membership rests.

Two big arguments, unheard in other member states, will decide whether the British stay in. The first is emotional the second practical. The first sees a back-to-the-future UK, an Elizabethan swashbuckling state, freed from the socialists across the Channel and ready to cash in on globalisation. The second calculates the costs of membership and decides, on balance, it’s not worth it. When Europe was booming during the trente glorieuses after the war, the EU was the future politically and economically. Thatcher’s defenestration trumped the political card. If the Eurozone crisis trumps the economic card, what cards are left? Europe could become the 21st century’s Holy Roman Empire, on life support for centuries before collapsing in the blink of an eye.

Eurosceptic MPs wishing to rouse an audience used to talk of a Euro-superstate trampling ancient British freedoms. Now, with euro-zone turmoil often in the news, their most potent lines of attack assert that Europe is a sclerotic, ageing, debt-crippled dead-end—that Britain is shackled to a “corpse”, to quote one Tory MP. Not only is such a Europe seen as unlikely to furnish new economic growth. More provokingly, the EU’s perceived mania for regulation is seen as wrecking efforts to conquer more promising markets.

IS THE SINGLE MARKET WORTH IT?

When British MP’s can conflate a Europe in decline with a Europe presiding over uncontrolled red tape, superstate ambitions, fraud and waste you have yourself a toxic brew to drip through the acid columns of the British press.

As we know, half of all British exports still go to the European Union. Britain exports more to Ireland than to Brazil, Russia, India and China put together: a situation that the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, calls a road to “economic irrelevance”. The Economist asks: are those markets a prize at all?

Sure, Europe may be in relative decline but so have we been since 1870. And we are now relative more prosperous than ever. We could “double trade with China and still not match our current exports to France.” Also why is Germany—bound by the same EU employment, social and environmental rules that supposedly hold Britain back— a champion at selling to China? Devaluation! cry the declinists. But the pound has fallen by 25% since the crisis and exports remain anaemic.

Throwing babies out with the bathwater is rarely good policy. The PM will not leave the single market, Margaret Thatcher’s enduring creation, to be devoured by protectionist vultures. He (and 11 other European leaders) is committed to reforming the single market, membership of which he calls a vital part of Britain’s pitch to foreign investors. Visiting America last month, he advocated an EU-American free-trade area and praised mature markets, noting that success in business can come from “going after your oldest customer and trying to sell more”.

SO WHAT CAN BE DONE?

In its special report on Europe and its currency, the Economist says that the crisis that has engulfed the European Union is about much more than the euro. Europe will not revive until Europe answers some fundamental questions that it has avoided for many years. The big question is:

how nations should respond to a world that is rapidly changing around them. What will they do as globalisation strips the West of the monopoly over the technologies that have made it rich, and an ageing Europe starts to look increasingly like the western peninsula of a resurgent Asia? Some Europeans would like to put up carefully designed fences around the EU’s still vast and wealthy market. Others, including a growing number of populist politicians, want to turn their nations inward and shut out not just the world but also the elites’ project of European integration. And a few—from among those same elites, mostly—argue that the only means of paying for Europe’s distinctive way of life is not to evade globalisation but to embrace it wholeheartedly.

This is not some abstract philosophical choice. It is a fierce struggle for Europe’s future which will set the limits on Europe’s welfare state. It will determine how the unbalanced partnership between Germany and France, and an increasingly detached Britain, will enable the single market to survive or not.

SO WHO WILL CRACK THE WHIP?

Britain has two levers at its control. The European Commission and the Council. Difficult though it is to comprehend, the Commission is not the bête noire in Britain alone. To France the Commission is too fond of free markets; to Britain it is too integrationist; to Germany it is too soft on budget miscreants. But it will hang on to defending the single market of 27 member states and thereby is an institution to work with not against. However, more recently power has shifted to governments and Britain, as one of the big three, is capable of exercising intergovernmental power if only it could devise a strategy to do so both in the Council and bilaterally. It has done so before. Remember the Nordic Summit? It is the follow-through that is sadly absent. It’s all very well to say the single market must be preserved and deepened. The stakes are too high not to do anything about it.

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Economic growth is the theme for spring

Posted by on 13/04/12
Spring is the season of growth, and economic growth in Europe has become the dominant theme of the moment. It is certainly a central theme of the French presidential elections. In a few days time the European Commission plans to launch its economic growth plan for Europe, setting out the measures it believes that member [...]

The pain in Spain

Posted by on 12/04/12

Rajoy defends borrowing in face of criticism

By Matthew Lewis

Spanish prime minister Mariano Rajoy has rebuked “statements from some European leaders” regarding his country’s borrowing, and warned them to “be cautious in what they say”. Rajoy warned that debt had created a “vicious circle that strangles Spain”, and called for eurozone leaders to focus on solutions, not criticisms of his policies.

“Spain’s future is at stake,” City AM reports Rajoy as saying after Tuesday’s market turmoil, explaining: “The problem is that the markets can lend or decide not to.”

French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti have both publicly criticised the Spanish government in recent days.

Luis de Guindos, Spain’s economy minister, ruled out a bailout of the kind already provided to Greece, Ireland and Portugal by the EU and the International Monetary Fund, saying Spain “does not need a rescue at this time”.

The European Central Bank has hinted that it could intervene to reduce Spain’s borrowing costs. Benoît Coeuré, an ECB executive board member, has suggested that the bank could return to aprogramme of eurozone government bond purchases if fears over Spain continue to spread, in order to rectify “unjustified” concern over the country’s fiscal position. However, his colleague on the executive board, Jorg Asmussen, suggested otherwise, saying that the ECB “has done its part”.

In response, Germany’s Bundesbank has begun campaigning against the indefinite expansion of the money supply, and begun preparations for a break-up. George Soros, in a piece for the Financial Times, argues that the future of Europe is a political issue, and criticises Bundesbank’s actions, writing that,

“This is creating a self-fulfilling prophecy: once the Bundesbank starts guarding against a break-up, everybody will have to do the same.”

There is support in some quarters for Spanish actions. Le Fiagro reports Johannes Blankenheim, the German spokesman of the Ministry of Finance, as saying,

“Spain has undertaken major reforms in several areas, including finance, labor market and the banking sector… We regret that the markets have not yet acknowledged the enormous reform efforts.”

Meanwhile, in the Telegraph, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard warns that the ECB’s €1trillion (£824bn) lending spree has simply stored up fresh problems, as Spanish banks are trapped with large losses on sovereign bonds; “as is entirely predictable if you enforce draconian fiscal tightening on an economy in deep recession with no offsetting monetary stimulus or exchange rate devaluation”.

Europe is crying out for massive reform, and a new approach to tackling the crisis. The Bundesbank, and indeed the German Government, is shackled by public opinion and a feeling that it is bearing too much of the burden. A rapid shock is needed, indeed, Karel Williams warns in the Guardian that it might require a severe crash to come before the political will is found, likening the current crisis to a 1963 plane crash.

The ongoing eurozone crisis has brought to the fore a painful facet of European politics; too many cooks spoil the broth, and the European kitchen has no head chef. European institutions are too often at the whim of national Governments, who may themselves lack political will. National banks and national parliaments contradict each other, and those turned to shirk the responsibility.

Those that take decisive action, and stick two fingers up to prevailing opinion, as Rajoy has done, are applauded and attacked in equal measure. The entire approach reeks of panic and short-termism, despite the fact we saw the first signs of crisis way back in 2009.

Rajoy’s plans may or may not deliver salvation, but he is right to try something new.

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Présidentielle en France : Pas de feuille de route pour l’Europe.

Posted by on 11/04/12

Tout à coup l’Europe semble avoir disparu des médias. Rien plus un mot. Nada. L’Europe, l’Union européenne n’existent plus. On n’en parle plus. Les candidats aux élections européennes éludent la question comme si finalement la dimension supranationale était absente du débat pourtant essentiel. Parfois  avons nous droit à une allusion pour critiquer ce que l’Europe à pu faire et parfois bien discrètement d’autres candidats rappellent l’utilité de cette union européenne.

Mais rien en ce qui concerne l’avenir, la transformation des crises internationales en changements profonds. Peu de choses sur l’économie commune et les besoins de relance de la croissance. 3 candidats s’appuient sur la stratégie Europe 2020 mais sans jamais le dire ou y faire une quelconque référence. Et pourtant cela fait deux ans que c’est en place. A 11 jours de l’élection nous ne savons rien de la manière dont les futurs dirigeants de la France gèreront le devenir de l’Union européenne. Au mieux l’affirmation d’être des Européens convaincus ne peut nous convaincre.

Quid du projet fédéral dont les dirigeants nous abreuvaient il y a encore peu de temps ? Quid aussi des résultats des moyens mis en place pour sauvegarder l’euro et qui semble porter ses fruits puisque même l’agence de notation S&P annonce pour l’Europe la sortie de la récession pour 2014 ?

Si ce succès est là pourquoi ne pas en parler en tant qu’européen ? pourquoi les principaux candidats restent ils sur des annonces de modification de traités alors que l’on sait qu’un traité n’est pas figé et qu’il est appelé à être remplace par un autre au fur et à mesure des changements sociétaux et de leur évolution.

A 10 jours du premier tour de l’élection présidentielle nous ne savons pas grand-chose sur les questions essentielles.

Les programmes sont tellement succincts qu’ils informent sur ce qui s’est passé et non pas sur les directions à prendre. Les choix essentiels qui font vibrer ne sont pas au rendez vous.

Mais  l’Europe ce n’est pas que l’euro, la finance et l’économie. C’est aussi un mouvement psychosociologique, un tissu de cultures et de relations internationales. C’est une aspiration à vivre mieux sur cette planète, dans la paix, dans l’harmonie, dans l’échange des cultures et des communications.

L’Europe c’est aussi des valeurs auxquelles nous sommes tous attachés. Démocratie, justice, citoyenneté, solidarité en sont les mots clés. Qu’attendent ceux qui prétendent nous gouverner pour mettre ces mots en avant et les traduire en propositions concrètes ? Car sans vouloir faire plaisir à tout le monde, à dire oui à tous, il est maintenant temps de donner feuille de route car, à force de se planquer derrière les pseudo propositions, la France risque de battre son record d’abstention et attendant le deuxième tour et deux qui en auraient un peu à nous vendre.

L’évêque de Quimper et Léon rappelait l’autre jour aux Chrétiens de son diocèse de faire leur choix à la lecture de l’Evangile. Avant cela invitons donc les candidats à faire leur proposition à la lecture de textes éclairants.

Emmanuel Morucci

Conférencier de l’Union européenne – Team Europe.

 

Deutschland: Gesundheitsausgaben 2010 auf rund 287 Milliarden Euro gestiegen

Posted by on 05/04/12

Im Jahr 2010 betrugen die Ausgaben für Gesundheit in Deutschland 287,3 Milliarden Euro. Wie das Statistische Bundesamt (Destatis) anlässlich des Weltgesundheitstages mitteilt, war dies gegenüber 2009 ein Plus von 8,9 Milliarden Euro oder 3,2 %. Damit lagen die Ausgaben je Einwohner bei rund 3 510 Euro (2009: 3 400 Euro).

Die Gesundheitsausgaben entsprachen 11,6 % des Bruttoinlandsproduktes, im Vorjahr lag dieser Wert bei 11,7 %. Der leichte Rückgang dieses Indikators ist auf den starken Anstieg der Wirtschaftsleistung nach dem Krisenjahr 2009 zurückzuführen. Der Zuwachs der Gesundheitsausgaben im Jahr 2010 entspricht in etwa dem durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wachstum zwischen 2000 und 2009 von 3,0 %.

Größter Ausgabenträger im Gesundheitswesen war im Jahr 2010 die gesetzliche Krankenversicherung. Sie trug mit 165,5 Milliarden Euro rund 58 % der gesamten Gesundheitsausgaben. Ihre Ausgaben lagen um 4,7 Milliarden Euro oder 2,9 % über denen des Vorjahres. Den stärksten Zuwachs unter den Ausgabenträgern verzeichnete mit + 6,0 % die soziale Pflegeversicherung. Ihre Ausgaben erhöhten sich um 1,2 Milliarden auf 21,5 Milliarden Euro. Damit entfielen im Jahr 2010 insgesamt 7 % der Gesundheitsausgaben auf diesen Versicherungszweig. Den zweitstärksten Anstieg zeigten die privaten Haushalte und privaten Organisationen ohne Erwerbszweck. Sie gaben mit 39,0 Milliarden Euro rund 1,6 Milliarden Euro oder 4,3 % mehr aus als im Vorjahr. Ihr Ausgabenanteil betrug 14 %.

Einrichtungen der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung spielen in Deutschland traditionell eine bedeutende Rolle. Fast jeder zweite Euro der Ausgaben für Güter und Dienstleistungen im Gesundheitswesen wurde in Einrichtungen der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung ausgegeben (49 %). Die vom Ausgabenvolumen her bedeutsamsten ambulanten Einrichtungen waren die Arztpraxen mit 43,1 Milliarden Euro (+ 0,3 Milliarden Euro oder + 0,8 %) und die Apotheken mit 40,9 Milliarden Euro (+ 0,8 Milliarden Euro oder + 1,9 %). Die stärksten prozentualen Anstiege im Vergleich zum Jahr 2009 verzeichneten die ambulanten Pflegeeinrichtungen mit + 7,6 % (+ 0,7 Milliarden Euro auf 10,0 Milliarden Euro) und die Praxen sonstiger medizinischer Berufe wie zum Beispiel physio-, sprach- oder ergotherapeutische Praxen mit + 5,2 % (+ 0,4 Milliarden Euro auf 8,9 Milliarden). Der Anstieg bei den ambulanten Pflegeeinrichtungen ist neben der gestiegen Anzahl der Leistungsempfänger auch auf die Auswirkungen der stufenweisen Anhebung der Leistungsbeträge im Rahmen des Pflege-Weiterentwicklungsgesetzes aus dem Jahre 2008 zurückzuführen.

Im (teil-)stationären Sektor stieg der Aufwand um 4,0 % auf 104,2 Milliarden Euro. Dies entsprach einem Anteil von 36 % an den gesamten Gesundheitsausgaben. Zu den (teil-)stationären Einrichtungen gehören die Krankenhäuser (+ 4,7 % auf 74,3 Milliarden Euro), die Einrichtungen der (teil-)stationären Pflege (+ 3,5 % auf 21,7 Milliarden Euro) sowie die Vorsorge- und Rehabilitationseinrichtungen, auf die 8,2 Milliarden Euro (- 0,3 %) entfielen. Das überdurchschnittliche Ausgabenwachstum in den Krankenhäusern ist vor dem Hintergrund des Krankenhausfinanzierungsreformgesetzes zu sehen, welches unter anderem zur Verbesserung der Stellensituation beim Pflegepersonal beigetragen hat.

Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse folgen dem Konzept des “System of Health Accounts”, welches von der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD), der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) und dem Statistischen Amt der Europäischen Union (Eurostat) zum Zweck der internationalen Vergleichbarkeit von Gesundheitsausgaben empfohlen wird. Gemäß den dort enthaltenen Definitionen umfassen die Gesundheitsausgaben sämtliche Güter und Leistungen mit dem Ziel der Prävention, Behandlung, Rehabilitation und Pflege, die Kosten der Verwaltung sowie Investitionen der Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens. Aufwendungen für Forschung und Ausbildung im Gesundheitswesen, sowie Ausgaben für krankheitsbedingte Folgen (zum Beispiel Leistungen zur Eingliederungshilfe) und Einkommensleistungen, wie die Entgeltfortzahlung im Krankheitsfall, sind darin nicht enthalten. Begründet durch diese Abgrenzung weichen die Gesundheitsausgaben in der Gesundheitsausgabenrechnung von den Ausgaben der einzelnen Sozialversicherungsträger, insbesondere der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung, ab.

Never let the facts get in the way of a good story! Another terrific Express ‘exclusive’

Posted by on 05/04/12
There used to be a joke among journalists that the perfect story combined religion, sex and mystery. The Daily Express has its own variation – a combination of immigration, welfare scroungers and Europe.
So congratulations to whoever dreamt up yesterday’s story, “£42m benefit bill for children who don’t even live in Britain“. Loosely based on yet another MigrationWatch report, it claimed that“Bumper welfare handouts have made Britain an extremely attractive destination for migrants from eastern Europe”, going on to say that “foreign workers from within the EU can potentially pocket hundreds of pounds a week from a string of benefits as soon as they arrive in the UK”.

CIA-led extraordinary renditions, secret flights and detention facilities in EU territory

Posted by on 04/04/12

A few days ago, on the occasion of the new own-initiative report, the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) held a public hearing entitled “What is new on the alleged CIA illegal detention and transfers of prisoners in Europe?” The hearing showed that there was still a lot of resistance among member states to disclose information or investigate and settle allegations, but the truth is inevitably coming to the surface. In the absence of state delegations, the representatives of NGOs presented new developments and evidence with respect to CIA-led extraordinary renditions, the secret flights network and detention facilities.

General context

The 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States of America mark the beginning of the so-called “war on terror.” As part of that war, the Bush administration introduced a system of “extraordinary renditions” serviced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In 2005, Human Rights Watch, the Washington Post and ABC television reported that the US had operated a system of extraordinary renditions outside its territory. These allegations were confirmed by President George W. Bush himself.

The 2007 resolution of the European Parliament (EP) defines extraordinary rendition as an “extra-judicial practice which contravenes established international human rights standards and whereby an individual suspected of involvement in terrorism is illegally abducted, arrested and/or transferred into the custody of US officials and/or transported to another country for interrogation which, in the majority of cases, involves incommunicado detention and torture.” It has been a subject of several inquiries, within the European Union (EU), Council of Europe (CoE) and the United Nations (UN), whether extraordinary renditions, CIA-led flights and secret detentions took place in Europe. A substantial body of proof has been gathered implicating the EU and CoE member states and exposing their complicity in such practices.

The collaboration with the US on the above-listed practices would mean that the EU and CoE member states took part, even if indirectly by tolerating, in serious human rights violations, in particular violations of the right to liberty and security, the freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to an effective remedy. Indeed, the evidence suggests that the states failed to observe the obligations they voluntarily acknowledged and set forth in such documents as the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

Institutional actions

Various institutions have so far carried out inquiries and presented evidence on the matter. They have voiced their concerns or condemnation with respect to European complicity in CIA extraordinary renditions, secret flights and detention facilities.

The EP has passed resolutions on the transportation and illegal detention of prisoners. The first resolution was adopted in 2005 and followed by the establishment of the Temporary Committee on the alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transportation and illegal detention of prisoners. The Committee carried out an investigation which was substantially hindered by the invocation of “state secrecy” by European governments. The Committee’s report was accepted by the Parliament in the resolution of 2007.

The 2007 resolution contained findings concerning, among others, the UK, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Spain, Macedonia, Romania and Poland. It provided a list of political and legal recommendations for the EU institutions and member states. For example, it called for the states to continue or commence parliamentary inquiries or criminal investigations on extraordinary renditions and stopovers, compensate victims, review the notion of “state secret”, agree on a common definition of “terrorism” and work out efficient legal tools to combat it within the framework of international law. It also obliged the LIBE Committee and the Sub-committee on Human Rights to follow the issue. In 2009, acknowledging some new developments, the EP passed yet another resolution, in which it denounced the lack of action on the part of the states and the EU institutions.

The inquiry commissioned by the CoE and led by the Swiss Senator Dick Marty resulted in the publication of two reports (in 2006 and 2007). The first report on “Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states” revealed that the flights created “a network that resembles a ‘spider’s web’ spun across the Globe.” The second report considered it factually “established that secret detention centres operated by the CIA have existed for some years in Poland and Romania” and it did not rule out a possibility that secret detentions might have occurred in other CoE member states. The report also informed they were part of the High Value Detainees program “set up by the CIA with the co-operation of official European partners belonging to Government services and kept secret for many years thanks to strict observance of the rules of confidentiality laid down in the NATO framework.” As the report maintains, “the implementation of this programme has given rise to repeated serious breaches of human rights.”

In 2010, the UN published a joint study on global practices in relation to secret detention in the context of countering terrorism. The study places secret detentions within the international legal framework, provides historical overview and addresses the current practices of secret detention as part of “the war on terror.” It names a few European countries as complicit and participating in the secret detention system in various ways.

So what is new and what is the future?

In 2010 Amnesty International (AI) published a report entitled “Open Secret: Mounting Evidence of Europe’s Complicity in Rendition and Secret Detention.” In 2011 AI sent an abridged version of the report to the EP Sub-Committee on Human Rights. In December 2011, Reprieve published “Rendition on Record” report, in which it presents new evidence, concerning the network of CIA flights, obtained with the use of information requests.

It is known that since the end of institutional inquiries new developments have taken place in many European countries. For example, Lithuania’s participation in secret detention practices was only discovered in 2009. Between 2009 and 2011, two investigations were carried out and they confirmed the existence of secret detention facilities, but were terminated due to the apparent lack of evidence. In Poland, the official investigation began in 2008 and since then the evidence has mounted, partly owing to the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and its requests for information. Furthermore, two prisoners have been granted victim status and a high secret service officer has officially been charged. In Sweden, two former prisoners have been awarded damages. Until now, three cases related to extraordinary renditions and secret detentions in Europe have been filed with the European Court of Human Rights – El-Masri v. Macedonia, Al-Nashiri v. Poland and Abu Zubaydah v. Lithuania.

The new parliamentary own-initiative report and the recent public hearing in LIBE open anew the discussion on member states’ complicity in and accountability for the CIA extraordinary renditions and secret detention practices. It would be welcome if the states themselves lived up to expectations and took part in the efforts to unveil the truth which, quite often, lies behind the curtain of overused, if not abused, state secrecy.

Joanna Smętek, intern at “Europe of Human Rights”

 

 

 

 

 

Vacancies in the EU

Posted by on 03/04/12

From time to time in Poland you can read complaints that there are not enough of us, Poles, in the EU institutions “and in general the Germans have the power”. Judging from the number of candidates, working for the institutions is a dream of Polish graduates. Recently released statistics show this “German” stereotype in a different light.

Germany represents 16.31% of the EU population. In 2010 only 7.6% of the EU staff came from this country. Last year this number fell by a further percent. It is even worse with the British – they represent nearly 13% of the EU population but among those who start their careers in the institutions, only 2.5% are from UK. It turns out that for the young, talented and educated graduates from rich countries the work in the EU is not financially attractive.

There is also a problem concerning the recruitment of highly skilled professionals with experience. Following the new obligations under the fiscal pact, the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs hardly filled 22 out of 60 vacancies. The reason is similar. The skilled economists would rather work in business because the EU cannot afford their qualifications.

All this sounds encouraging for the Polish graduates who, despite the competition, fight like lions in countless competitions. Very often successfully.

De cómo la abstención avanza silenciosamente sin que nadie quiera escucharla

Posted by on 30/03/12

Las elecciones en Andalucía y Asturias del pasado domingo han remarcado la tendencia de caída de participación e incremento de las abstención registrada en los últimos años en el Estado español. En Andalucía votó el 62,23% del electorado, cerca de diez puntos menos que en las elecciones autonómicas de 2008, mientras que en Asturias solo lo hizo el 55.92%, nada menos que once puntos menos que en los comicios anteriores. Exceptuando las grandes batallas electorales que suponen las elecciones generales, de las que sale el presidente del gobierno electo y que moviliza a todos los grandes medios de comunicación en torno al debate PSOE / PP, el resto de citas electorales se está deslizando hacia abstenciones en la banda del 40% al 50%, convirtiéndose en la opción mayoritaria de los ciudadanos. En la última década, de manera muy especial en los últimos cinco años, cerca de un 15% más de la población con derecho a voto se ha desenganchado del sistema hasta tal punto que se queda en casa el día de la gran liturgia de la democracia. Un fenómeno silenciado por los grandes partidos políticos, que evalúan los resultados electorales con una breve declaración retórica sobre la escasa participación, pero sin aludir a las motivaciones que provocan este desapego de la gente hacia la política. El disputado voto del abstencionista ha dejado paso a la disputa por el cada día más disminuido voto de los convencidos, en una suerte de batalla por el hooliganismo que cristaliza los votantes propios en eso que llaman los expertos politólogos, suelos electorales de los partidos.

La abstención, término que deriva de la voz latina abstentio, es un no hacer o no obrar, lo en esencia normalmente no produce efecto jurídico alguno. En democracia la abstención puede suponer la existencia de corrientes políticas que no se integran en el juego político normal, aunque con carácter general suele responde a impulsos o motivaciones individuales plenamente respetadas y asumidas incluso cuando sobrepasan determinados límites porcentuales. Ante ese fenómeno nos encontramos, el de la apatía ciudadana. Una población crecientemente desencantada del sistema, que no detecta liderazgos atractivos y opta por darle la espalda a la política. El resultado es una mezcla de desobediencia cívica y de concreción de insatisfacción política. En el caso del Estado español, varía sustancialmente los grados de abstención en función del tipo de cita electoral de la que hablemos. En las elecciones generales, al Congreso la media de abstención es del 26%, mientras que al Senado es del 38%, en las municipales y autonómicas del 34%, en las europeas del 45% y en referéndums del 40%. Son, pues, curiosamente, las elecciones más cercanas y las más alejadas o supranacionales, las que registran una menor participación. Pero si miramos las Comunidades con mayor nivel de identidad nacional como es el caso de Euskadi o Catalunya, las participaciones se acercan a los niveles de las elecciones generales. Por tanto, parece evidente que la movilización electoral tiene mucho que ver con el grado de pertenencia que el ciudadano tiene a su comunidad, lo que aporta valores al voto, no puramente racionales, sino más basados en sentimientos y pasiones identitarias/ideológicas.

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Si echamos una mirada a nuestros entornos democráticos, tanto en un espacio maduro en este sentido como lo es el de Europa o en uno más joven y en aún en proceso de consolidación como lo es el latinoamericano, sobre los datos que arrojan las elecciones de la última década, los resultados son los siguientes:

Estados con una abstención entre el 100% y el 80%: En Europa, Mónaco; en América Latina, ninguno. Abstención entre el 60% y el 80%: en Europa, Andorra y Suiza; en América Latina, Colombia y Guatemala. Abstención entre el 40% y el 60%: en Europa, Lituania, Polonia, Estonia, Francia, Luxemburgo, Moldavia y Letonia; en América Latina, Venezuela, República Dominicana, Jamaica y México. Abstención entre el 40% y el 20%: en Europa, Hungría, Macedonia, Reino Unido, Ucrania, Irlanda, Finlandia, Rumanía, Eslovenia, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Alemania, Bulgaria, Holanda, Austria, Noruega, República Checa, Chipre y España; en América Latina, El Salvador, Bolivia, Honduras, Surinam, Guyana, Costa Rica, Belize, Chile, Panamá, Nicaragua y Brasil. Y abstención entre el 0% y el 20%: en Europa, Suecia, Eslovaquia, Dinamarca, Bélgica, Grecia, Italia, Islandia, San Marino y Malta; y en América Latina, Ecuador, Argentina y Uruguay (en esta última escala existe en estos Estados algún tipo de obligación de voto).

Acercando más el foco a la Unión Europea y sus grandes democracias, todas ellas han ido incrementando sus niveles de abstención desde la década de los setenta en un promedio que oscila entre un 10% y un 20% más, unas cifras alarmantes que alcanzan sus máximos en las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo, que en la mayoría de estos Estados apenas alcanzan el 50% de la participación. El desapego a la política común y a las instituciones europeas es altísimo, eso sí prácticamente desde su creación.

Sin ánimo de convertir este post en una retahíla de datos, si resulta de interés observar el comportamiento ciudadano ante el voto, según las edades y el género. Así, la participación electoral en Europa de los jóvenes entre 18 y 30 años nos aporta datos bastante homogéneos aunque con diferencias. En general, votan mucho menos que sus mayores, pero mientras que en el Reino Unido, votan mucho menos (un 39% más), en España la diferencia se modera (un 25% menos) y en Italia, sin embargo, no existe prácticamente diferencia (un 0,2% menos). El comportamiento cívico democrático es evidente que madura con la edad porque a medida que nos hacemos mayores el nivel de participación electoral se incrementa, pasando la abstención de los jóvenes entorno a un 45%, entre los 30 y 40 años baja a un 37%, de 40 a 50 años ronda el 32% de abstención, de 50 a 60 años un 26%, de los 60 a 70 años, solo de un 20% y entre los mayores de 70 años, un 15% de media de abstención. Y respecto a la influencia del género en las ganas de votar, digamos que históricamente y hasta hoy, las mujeres votan más que los hombre europeos, en una media superior de participación de un 5% para las féminas.

Podemos preguntarnos quién es el beneficiario del incremento de la abstención en las elecciones. Desde luego, vista la reacción de los políticos, lo que si podemos afirmar sin ánimo de equivocarnos es que los abstencionistas no obtienen beneficio alguno de su actitud. Hasta ahora siempre habíamos pensado que eran los grandes partidos, los que mejor tajada sacaban de la abstención en detrimento de las minorías parlamentarias. Eso sí, repartiéndose la suerte entre ellos, unas veces la desmovilización ha favorecido a uno y otras al contrario, en función de la capacidad de tener a sus adeptos apasionados por derrotar al enemigo en el acto de votar. Sin embargo, la evolución reciente está demostrando que las minorías más radicales, ultraderecha, ultraizquieda o ultranacionalistas, según los Estados, son los mayores beneficiarios del fenómeno abstencionista europeo. Y eso se produce por su capacidad de alentar movimientos de rechazo al sistema, que generan corrientes de simpatías de fuerte militancia. Estos llamados neopopulismos, que no pretenden cambiar la sociedad, sino condicionar las decisiones desde sus posiciones de minoría, se están convirtiendo en la llave de la gobernabilidad en muchos Estados o comunidades, en gran medida gracias a la fuerte abstención registrada en un comicio tras otro.

Si queremos salvar el modelo de Estado del bienestar igualitario, equitativo y universal que los europeos con más o menos antigüedad hemos ido construyendo, debemos ser conscientes de la necesidad de combatir el abstencionismo que paulatinamente está minando la credibilidad de nuestras democracias. A la abstención como desapego del sistema, se le hace frente a través de la democratización efectiva de los partidos políticos, otorgando sentido efectivo y no meramente ritual al acto electoral, estableciendo un sistema de apertura de listas o al menos la eliminación de las cerradas y bloqueadas y, en definitiva, mediante una profundización efectiva en la democracia y, sobre todo, recuperando el prestigio de la institución representativa por excelencia, el Parlamento, privado progresivamente de poderes efectivos. Una nueva forma de hacer política que cambie la máxima déspotica del “todo para el pueblo, pero sin el pueblo”, por la necesaria aceptación de la norma básica de la democracia del principio de la soberanía popular. Modernas formas de participación en la vida pública y en las decisiones que nos afectan día a día, requieren nuevas mentalidades y culturas políticas. Un objetivo que se viene demandando machaconamente desde instancias sociológicas, pero que a las que los líderes y dirigentes políticos han hecho oídos sordos.

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A chance for the end of the little spectacle

Posted by on 29/03/12

When you read today’s press releases you can have the impression that the matter concerns the unification of Korea, peace in the Middle East or Ossetia’s annexation to Georgia.

- The leaders met formally
- Negotiations have started
- There was a long crisis in the negotiations
- For the whole time secret negotiations lasted
- The leaders turned to their “management” for the power of attorney for further negotiations
- Today, the leaders are to occur at a joint press conference and announce the success achieved through a hard work

But the thing is that the matter does not concern the world issues mentioned at the beginning, only pensions in Poland. Those leaders have co-formed the government for five years. One of them is the Prime Minister, the other one – Deputy Prime Minister. So they can meet wherever they want, when they want as long as they want and their “managements” do not question their position. There is therefore a chance for the end of the little spectacle.

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